Peripheral vestibular system is the collection of sensory organs and associated neural structures located within the inner ear responsible for detecting head motion and orientation relative to gravity. As a research concept and field of study, it investigates the anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and neural signal processing of the semicircular canals and otolith organs (utricle and saccule), which transduce angular and linear acceleration, respectively, into neural information. Key characteristics include the specialized mechanosensory hair cells and the projection pathways via the vestibular nerve. Its significance is paramount for understanding and maintaining balance, posture, spatial awareness, and gaze stability, with research also focusing on the pathologies and rehabilitation strategies related to its dysfunction.